Witches and Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe:

 

The Malleus Maleficarum

 

 

 
 
Summary

 

The Malleus Maleficarum (The Hammer of Witches) is one of the most infamous and controversial books of the early modern period. The Malleus has been blamed for the death of tens of thousands of women and men, and its instructions on the identification, prosecution, and punishment of witches arguably did much to pave the way for the great witch-hunts of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in Europe and in the New World. The contents of the Malleus will be used as a starting point for a study of witches and witchcraft in early modern Europe, and an assessment of important trends in recent historiography. The Malleus offers intriguing insights into the late medieval and early modern mentality, and tells us much about the relationship between witchcraft and religion, magic and science, fear and disaster. However the Malleus Maleficarum was not the only treatment of witchcraft in print, and it is important not to exaggerate its impact. Learned treatises such as the Malleus certainly did much to raise awareness of witchcraft, and highlight the alleged pact between the witch and the devil. But were the fears expressed in the literature borne out in reality? Why did the people of early modern Europe fear witches – or witchcraft – so much, and what were the concerns and motivations of those who persecuted and prosecuted witches, and those who made accusations against their neighbours? We will consider a variety of explanations for rising accusations of witchcraft, the relationship between the Malleus and the early modern witch hunt, and the influence of this infamous book on the events of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Students will be introduced to other primary sources, and to recent writing on early modern witchcraft, and encouraged to consider the value of a text such as the Malleus to historians of the witchcraze.

 

These pages provides information on the Class Schedule, the course handbook and bibliography for each week, and useful web sites for students taking the course. If you find any useful material that could be added to the site, send me an email

 

 

 

 

 

Class Schedule, Autumn Term 2004

 

 

Week 1: The Malleus Maleficarum: Introduction

 

 

Week 2: The Malleus Maleficarum: Origins and Arguments

 

 

Week 3: The Malleus Maleficarum: The Nature of Witchcraft

 

 

Week4: The Malleus Maleficarum: Devils and Demons in Early Modern Europe

 

 
Week 5: The Malleus Maleficarum: Remedies and Persecution
 

 

Week 6: The Malleus Maleficarum: Witches and Women

 

 

Week 7: The Geography of the Early Modern Witch Hunt

 

 

Week 8: The Malleus Maleficarum: Accusations, Prosecutions, and Popular Belief

 

 

Week 9: The Malleus Maleficarum and its Critics

 

 

Week 10: Essay Returns and Tutorials

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Useful Web links

 

General Resources:

 

The online edition of the Malleus Maleficarum

The Internet Source book contains parts of the  Malleus Maleficaurm and the papal bull

Renaissance sources and texts (and music!) at  luminarium

Johannes Nider,  Formicarius

Extracts from Jean Bodin, De la demonomanie des sorciers (1580)

A general overview, with some links on the history of  witchcraft

A massive annotated listing of recent publications in the area can be found at the Witchcraft Bibliography site 

Some helpful Statistics

Primary sources, with a focus on trials in Germany, and some witchcraft literature

 

 

Other Academic Websites:

 

David Harley runs a course on  witchcraft and the occult 1400-1700 with a wide variety of links and key primary sources

            In particular, see his discussion of gender and witchcraft, and useful information on the life and work of demonologists, from Weyer to Guazzo

Prof. Pavlac’s course: The Witch Hunts 1400-1800

 



Individual Cases

 Witchcraft in Trier and the case of Cornelius Loos. See also this collection of data from Trier

Witch Persecutions at Bonn (Hanover Historical Texts Project)

Witch Persecutions at Bamberg (Hanover Historical Texts Project)

The Trial of the Bideford Witches: A True and Impartial Relation of the Informations against Three Witches (1682)

A Tryal of Witches at the Assizes Held at Bury St. Edmunds. . . 1664 (1682) (Hanover Historical Texts)

The Wonderful Discoverie of the Witchcrafts of Margaret and Phillip Flower (1619)

The Chelmsford mass trial of 1645

Confessions of witches at Faversham, Kent, in 1645

The Lawes against Witches...also The Confession of Mother Lakeland (1645)

Two pamphlets concerning Joan Peterson of Wapping (1652)

The 1662 case of the Lowestoft witches (1682 pamphlet).

Essex witches

A site (with links) devoted to witches in Essex, with a good selection of sources and texts: See for example: the Witchcraft Act 1604; the Hatfield Peverel Trial 1566; the St. Osyth Trial 1582; the Confession of Three Notorious Witches 1589; the Manningtree Trial 1645; a pamphlet A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcraftes 1593; Advice to Judges 1645, and Matthew Hopkins "Discovery of Witches" . You can also view a Video Documentary about Mathew Hopkins on this site

Witchcraft in Wiltshire and the trial of Anne Bodenham

Witchcraft in Finland

The Trial of  Johannes Junius 

Primary sources for Scotland. See also the website of the Survey of Scottish Witchcraft project

A collaborative site put together by a group of students at Augustana

A witch-hunt simulation – Put yourself on trial for witchcraft

 

 

Other Online Articles

E. William Monter, "Witchcraft in Geneva, 1537-1662" The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 43, No. 2. (Jun., 1971), pp. 179-204

Phyllis J. Guskin, "The Context of Witchcraft: The Case of Jane Wenham (1712)" Eighteenth-Century Studies, Vol. 15, No. 1. (Autumn, 1981), pp. 48-71.

Russell Zguta, "Witchcraft Trials in Seventeenth-Century Russia" The American Historical Review, Vol. 82, No. 5. (Dec., 1977), pp. 1187-1207.